RESUMEN Los briófitos forman un grupo conspicuo de la flora del planeta. Su contribución ecológica en términos de riqueza de especies y cobertura en muchos hábitats es fundamental para el equilibrio de los servicios ecosistémicos. En Colombia se tiene el registro aproximado de 715 especies de Marchantiophyta (hepáticas), las cuales presentan su mayor riqueza en la región Andina. El estudio se realizó en el Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza - sector Suasie dada su importancia ecológica e hídrica para los municipios aledaños. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de la comunidad de hepáticas en el sector de Suasie del PNN Chingaza. Para ello, se hicieron tres levantamientos en transectos de 2x50 m en un gradiente altitudinal, en cada transecto se muestrearon las hepáticas presentes en cuatro forófitos escogidos al azar. Las muestras recolectadas fueron identificadas para el análisis de composición y diversidad de la comunidad. Como resultado, fue posible evidenciar la variación de la composición y abundancia de hepáticas a lo largo del gradiente, basados no solo en los índices estimados, sino también en la asociación con la cobertura vegetal de cada sitio de muestreo. Con un total de 47 especies registradas, se soporta la alta diversidad del sector en estudio. De esta manera, la riqueza encontrada en este gradiente aporta a las actuales y futuras estrategias de conservación del parque.

ABSTRACT The bryophytes form a conspicuous group of the planet's flora, their ecological contribution in terms of species richness and coverage in many habitats is essential for the balance of ecosystem. In Colombia there is an approximate record of 715 species of Marchantiophyta (liverworts), which present their greatest richness in the Andean region. The study was carried out in the Chingaza National Natural Park - Suasie sector given its ecological and water importance for the surrounding municipalities. The main objective of this study was to determine the diversity of the liverwort community in the Suasie sector of the Chingaza NNP. For this, three surveys were made in transects of 2x50 m in an altitude gradient, in each transect the liverworts present from four phorophytes (trees and shrubs), chosen at random were sampled. The collected samples were identified for analysis of composition and diversity of the community. As a result, it was possible to demonstrate the variation in the composition and abundance of liverworts along the gradient, based not only on the estimated indices, but also on the association with the vegetation cover of each sampling site. With a total of 47 registered species, the high diversity of the sector under study is supported. In this way, the richness found in this gradient contributes to current and future conservation strategies for the park.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se caracterizó la flora briofítica en troncos en descomposición en la estación meteorológica El Zafire, Amazonas-Colombia. Para ello se realizó un muestreo de 100 unidades muestrales en 20 troncos en diferente estado de descomposición y en dos tipos de bosque (tierra firme y varillal inundable). Se reportan 120 especies, 81 hepáticas y 39 musgos, pertenecientes a 55 géneros (33 hepáticas y 22 musgos) y 21 familias (nueve hepáticas y 12 musgos). Se registran cuatro especies nuevas para el país, 25 para la amazonia colombiana y 41 para el departamento del Amazonas. En términos de riqueza total, el bosque de varillal presentó un valor mayor al de tierra firme. Sin embargo, esta diferencia no es significativa (Kruskal Wallis X 2=0,199; p = 0,05); así mismo la diversidad fue mayor en el bosque de varillal inundable (Shanon = 3,93) en comparación con la del bosque de tierra firme (Shanon = 3,67). La composición de las comunidades de briófitos fue diferente entre los dos tipos de bosques (similitud igual a 40 %). En el estudio florístico de los dos tipos de bosques de la estación biológica, se evidenció una marcada dominancia de la familia Lejeunaceae, que representó el 55,5 % de las hepáticas y el 37,5 % del total de las especies de briófitos.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to characterize the bryophyte community on rotten logs in El Zafire biological station, Amazonas-Colombia. We sampled 100 plots on 20 trunks with different states of decomposition in two types of forest (terra firme and floodplain). 120 species are reported, 81 liverworts and 39 mosses, belonging to 55 genera (33 liverworts and 22 mosses) and 21 families (nine liverworts and 12 mosses). Four new species are registered for Colombia, 25 for the Colombia Amazon, and 41 for the department of Amazonas. In terms of richness, the floodplain presented a higher value than the terra firme forest. However, no significant difference was found between the two types of forests (Kruskal Wallis X 2c= 0.199, X 2t= 3.81). Diversity was higher in the floodplain (Shanon = 3.93) compared to the terra firme forest (Shanon = 3.67). The composition of the bryophyte communities shows differences between the two types of forests (similarity equal to 40 %). In the floristic study of the two types of forests of the biological station, the most common family was Lejeuneaceae, it represented 55.5 % of the liverworts sampled and 37.5 % of the total of the bryophyte species.

Abstract As cetaceans are sentinels of the marine environment, studying their life history is of utmost importance in understanding their habits and their interaction with the environment. To achieve this goal, it is important to study their ecological niches through the investigation of their habitat use patterns and trophic relationships. This study aimed to evaluate if there are differences in the habitat use patterns and the trophic ecology of franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) and Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) accidentally caught off the south coast of São Paulo State, and Guiana dolphins biopsied in the Cananeia estuary, southeastern Brazil, based on the carbon and the nitrogen stable isotopes analysis. Isotopic ratios were estimated from skin samples. The isotopic niche size and overlap were calculated using the SIBER package (R software). The gathered results showed evidence of spatial segregation between Guiana dolphins and franciscanas. The Guiana dolphins sampled inside and outside the estuary showed evidence of trophic and spatial segregation. No difference in isotopic values between sexes was found for both species. Such differences between franciscanas and Guiana dolphins were expected as both species have distinct life histories as a result of different evolutionary pathways.

Abstract: Innovations in science and technology play a key role in the transition to cleaner production. Based on this, this article seeks to promote the practical integration of concepts of bioclimatic architecture in the design of social housing, in real-time and from its initial stages through the development of a working mechanism applicable to the design stage as a decision support system during the planning process. The methodology consists of modeling with BIM (Building Information Modeling) and with ENERGYPLUS three prototypes of social housing in generalized use in the city of San Juan, Argentina. From the comparative analysis of the results achieved, the similarities and divergences associated with the use of the selected software for the environmental evaluation of social housing emerge, thus setting the basic guidelines for carrying out the BEM (Building Energy Modeling) of the same.

Resumen: Las innovaciones en ciencia y tecnología desempeñan un papel fundamental en la transición hacia producciones más limpias. Con base en ello, este artículo busca favorecer la integración práctica de conceptos propios de arquitectura bioclimática en el diseño de la vivienda social, en tiempo real y desde sus instancias iniciales a través del desarrollo de una mecánica de trabajo aplicable a la etapa de diseño como sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones durante el proceso de proyectación. La metodología consiste en la modelización con BIM (Building Information Modeling) y con ENERGYPLUS de tres prototipos de vivienda social de uso generalizado en la ciudad de San Juan, Argentina. Del análisis comparativo de los resultados alcanzados, surgen las similitudes y divergencias asociadas al uso de los softwares seleccionados para la evaluación ambiental de la vivienda social, con lo cual se establecen los lineamientos básicos para la realización del BEM (Building Energy Modeling) de las mismas.

RESUMO Monômeros acrílicos contendo grupos hidroxila são frequentemente empregados na produção de polímeros, especialmente para aplicações em diferentes substratos ou mesmo em reações posteriores de modificação química com grupos isocianato ou carboxila. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o efeito da concentração dos monômeros de acrilato de hidroxipropila (HPA) e metacrilato de hidroxipropila (HPMA) na copolimerização em emulsão do estireno (St) com o acrilato de n-butila (ABu) e acrilonitrila (ACN), visando a obtenção de nanopartículas poliméricas com grupos hidroxila para reações posteriores de modificação química com isocianato. Látexes com diferentes concentrações (0,3,5,7 e 10% m/m) de HPA e HPMA foram obtidos e caracterizados em relação ao teor de sólidos, diâmetro de partícula, distribuição dos tamanhos de partícula, viscosidade, temperatura mínima de formação de filme, estabilidade ao gelo-degelo, concentração de coágulos, dureza do filme e estabilidade coloidal. Os resultados mostram que o aumento da concentração de HPA e HPMA afeta as propriedades físico-químicas dos látexes. Dentre as concentrações de HPMA estudadas, foi possível obter látexes com concentração máxima de 5% de HPA e 7% de HPMA. Os látexes produzidos com 10% de HPA e HPMA apresentaram baixa estabilidade coloidal. Os adesivos foram obtidos via mistura física entre o látex hidroxilado com HPMA e a dispersão de poli(isocianato) cicloalifático contendo 11% de isocianato bloqueado e caracterizados.

ABSTRACT Hydroxyl acrylic monomers are important because the hydroxyl group present in the molecule can react with isocyanate groups, conferring better mechanical properties to the final polymer when applied onto some substrates. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) monomer concentration on the emulsion polymerization of styrene (St) with n-butyl acrylate (ABu) and acrylonitrile (ACN). The goal of this work was to obtain latexes with higher concentrations of hydroxyl groups, ideal for reacting with isocyanate, without generating residues or coagulum. Latexes with different amounts of HPA and HPMA (0,3,5,7 e 10 wt%) were obtained and characterized with respect to solids content, viscosity, particle diameter, particle size distribution, freeze-thaw stability, minimum film forming temperature, coagulum formation, hardness and colloidal stability. The results show that the increased HPMA concentration affected the colloidal properties of the latexes. Among the concentrations of HPMA studied, it was possible to obtain latex with a maximum concentration of 5% HPA and 7% HPMA, whereas latex produced with 10% HPA and HPMA had low colloidal stability. Adhesives was obtained by mixing styrene-acrylic hydroxylated latex with a blocked poly(isocyanate) dispersion and characterized.

As sequências Proterozoicas, ao Norte no Distrito Federal e na região de Bezerra e Vila Boa (Goiás), são constituídas por calcários e dolomitos, pelitos e arenitos correspondentes aos Grupos Bambuí e Paranoá. No Distrito Federal, tais unidades são sobrepostas tectonicamente por rochas metassedimentares de fácies xisto-verde do Grupo Canastra. Entre os constituintes minerais dos termos pelíticos de todas estas unidades, predominam os filossilicatos, particularmente a illita e a muscovita, identificados por difração de Raios X, com o auxílio de decomposição da reflexão em d(001). O Índice de Kübler (Índice de Cristalinidade da Illita) complementa a interpretação da diagênese local e da possível influência de carga tectônica sobre diagênese/metamorfismo, resultante da sobreposição por falha de empurrão das rochas do Grupo Canastra sobre aquelas dos grupos Paranoá e Bambuí, na região do Distrito Federal. Os resultados indicam condições de epizona para as amostras analisadas do Grupo Canastra e anquizona para aquelas dos Grupos Bambuí e Paranoá, sendo que os valores do Índice de Kübler são menores nas rochas expostas ao norte do Distrito Federal do que na região de Bezerra, em Vila Boa. Além disso, os índices das rochas do Grupo Bambuí são inferiores aos do Paranoá em toda a região estudada, indicando que a influência da carga tectônica ocorre de forma gradativa, partindo do ponto de maior carga.

The Proterozoic sequences in the North of Distrito Federal (Brazil) and in Bezerra and Vila Boa regions (Goiás) comprise carbonates, pelites and sandstones from Bambuí and Paranoá Groups. In Distrito Federal, such units are tectonically overlapped by metasediments of green schist facies of Canastra Group. Among the mineral constituents of the pelitic terms of all these units, phyllosilicates, particularly illite and muscovite, are predominant and are identified using X-ray diffraction with the help of reflection d(001) decomposition. The Kübler Index (Illite Crystallinity Index) complements the interpretation of local diagenesis and the possible bulk tectonic influence on the diagenesis/metamorphism that is a result of the overlap by the thrust fault of Canastra Group on Paranoá and Bambuí groups, in the Distrito Federal region. Results indicate epizone conditions for the samples analyzed from Canastra Group and anchizone for samples from Bambuí and Paranoá Groups. In the rocks at the North of Distrito Federal, the Kübler Index values are lower than in Bezerra - Vila Boa region. Moreover, the contents of Bambuí Group rocks are smaller than Paranoá's in the entire study area; therefore, the influence of tectonic bulk occurs gradually, starting from the highest load point.

El inventario de 384 parcelas sobre 64 árboles, en cuatro localidades de la región amazónica de Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés), produjo 160 especies de briófitos epífitos (116 hepáticas, 44 musgos), distribuidas en 64 géneros y 26 familias. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en cuatro bosques no inundables de la selva tropical (Terra Firme). Los briofitos epífitos fueron recolectados desde la base hasta el dosel exterior de 16 árboles, en cada una de las localidades. La flora se caracterizó por la dominancia de hepáticas, particularmente de la familia Lejeuneaceae. Las familias con mayor número de registros fueron Lejeuneaceae (55%), Calymperaceae (10%), Lepidoziaceae (8%), Octoblepharaceae (6%) y Sematophyllaceae (5%). Los géneros con mayor número de registros fueron Cheilolejeunea (11%), Pycnolejeunea (8%), Archilejeunea (8%) Ceratolejeunea (8%) y Syrrhopodon (7%). Syrropodon y Lejeunea fueron los géneros más diversos, seguidos por Ceratolejeunea y Cheilolejeunea. El promedio de especies por localidad fue de 102. En términos de riqueza y composición de especies, no hubo diferencias significativas entre las cuatro localidades.

An inventory of 384 plots on 64 trees, in four localities across the Colombian Amazon region (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés), yielded 160 species of epiphytic bryophytes (116 of liverworts, 44 of mosses), in 64 genera and 26 families. Sampling was carried out in four non-seasonally flooded forests (Terra Firme), where bryophytes where collected from the base to the outer canopy, of 16 trees per locality. The flora is characterized by dominance of liverworts, especially Lejeuneaceae. The families with the highest number of records were Lejeuneaceae (55%), Calymperaceae (10%), Lepidoziaceae (8%), Octoblepharaceae (6%) and Sematophyllaceae (5%). The most common genera in number of records were Cheilolejeunea (11%), Pycnolejeunea (8%), Archilejeunea (8%) Ceratolejeunea (8%) and Syrrhopodon (7%).Syrropodon and Lejeunea were the most species-rich genera, followed by Ceratolejeunea and Cheilolejeunea. In average, the localities had 102 species in sixteen phorophytes. In terms of species richness and composition there were no significant differences between the four localities.

Se realizó un estudio sobre la diversidad de hepáticas y musgos en cuatro turberas en la cara norte, laderas oriental y occidental, del nevado del Tolima, diferenciadas por sus regímenes hídricos, se registraron 54 especies, 30 de musgos y 24 de hepáticas, pertenecientes a 35 géneros y 29 familias. Con los datos de cobertura e incidencia obtenidos se realizaron diferentes mediciones y cálculos de índices de diversidad. La turbera cuatro presentó el más alto índice de riqueza específica con un total de 24 especies, seguida por la turbera tres con 18 especies y la uno y dos con 16 especies cada una; también se usó el estimador de diversidad Bootstrap y su representatividad para cada turbera, la representatividad estuvo por encima del 82% lo que permitió la comparación entre las turberas. Aunque las cuatro turberas presentaban diferentes regímenes hídricos, este estudio muestra que estas son indiferenciables en cuanto a abundancia, diversidad y riqueza de especies, y solo diferentes en cuanto a la composición de especies.

Diversity of liverworts and mosses in the Tolima snow mountain was studied sampling the north face, eastern and western slopes. The sampling was carried out at four peatlands differentiated by water regimens. This sampling generated a total of 54 species, 30 mosses and 24 liverworts, belonging to 35 genera and 29 families. With data coverage and incidence of bryophytes obtained, different measurements and calculation were performed to obtain diversity indices. The peatland number four presented the highest species richness index, with a total of 24 species, followed by the peatland number three with 18 species and finally the petlands number one and two with 16 species each one. We also used estimators of diversity Bootstrap and representativeness for each bog. The representative of the sampling was above 82% allowing a comparison between peatlands. Although the peatlands are very different according to the water regimen comparison, they are indistinguishable in terms of abundance, diversity and species richness. The peatlands are only distinguishable in terms of their composition.

Objetivo: analizar las características de la dieta en niños argentinos de 2 a 5 años que reciben intervenciones alimentarias en el hogar, en el año 2005. Métodos: se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNys). El muestreo de la ENNys fue probabilístico, estratificado por conglomerados, n=7046. Se utilizó la metodología Propensity Score Matching (psm) para la constitución de grupos comparables de niños que reciben y no reciben intervenciones alimentarias en el hogar. Se analizó el consumo de macro y micronutrientes, energía, proporción de energía destinada a cada tiempo de comida y grupos de alimentos. Resultados y conclusiones: se observó un menor consumo de energía y calcio, y una mayor proporción de energía proveniente de cereales, en los niños que reciben intervención alimentaria en el hogar; lo que indicaría que los niños que reciben programas alimentarios no presentan una mejor calidad de la dieta.

Objective: Analyzing the characteristics of the diet in Argentinian children aged 2 to 5, who received alimentary interventions at home during 2005. Methods: We analyzed the National Survey of Nutrition and Health (ENNys). The ENNys had a probabilistic sampling, stratified by conglomerates. n = 7046. The Propensity Score Matching (pms) methodology was used to constitute comparable groups of children who received and did not receive alimentary interventions at home. We analyzed the consumption of macro and micronutrients, energy, energy ratio assigned to each meal time and food groups. Results and Conclusions: We observed a lower consumption of energy and calcium and a higher proportion of energy from cereals in children that received alimentary intervention at home. This would show that children that receive alimentary programs do not present a better quality of their diets.

Objetivo: analisar as características da dieta de criancas argentinos de 2 até 5 anos que recebem intervencoes alimentares em casa, no ano 2005. Métodos: analisou-se o Inquérito Nacional de Nutricao e Saúde (ENNys). A amostragem da ENNys foi probabilístico, estratificado por conglomerados, n=7046. Utilizou-se a metodologia Propensity Score Matching (psm) para a constituicao de grupos comparáveis de criancas que recebem e nao recebem intervencoes alimentares em casa. Analisou-se o consumo de macro e micronutrientes, energia, proporcao de energia destinada para cada tempo de refeicao e grupos de alimentos. Resultados e conclusoes: observou-se menor consumo de energia e cálcio, e maior proporcao de energia proveniente de cereais, nas criancas que recebem intervencao alimentar em casa, o que estaria indicando que as criancas que recebem programas alimentares nao apresentam melhor qualidade da dieta.

Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare bacterial infection of the gastric wall, which progress rapidly. It is characterized by a purulent inflammation that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and presents a high mortality rate. We are reporting a case of phlegmonous gastritis in an HIV-seropositive man successfully treated with antibiotics. Moreover, a review of the English and Spanish literature is carried out, from 1980 to the present time. The most frequently involved microorganism is Streptococcus spp. (57 %), but the polimicrobial infection is also frequent (17 %). The most important symptom is the intensive epigastric pain associated with vomits and most cases were diagnosed by CT and/or fibrogastroscopy. There are many existing risk factors described. The main one is the immunesuppression, although in 40 % of the cases no risk factors were identified. The global mortality is 27 % without identifying significant differences between antibiotics and surgical treatment, for that reason it is recommended to initiate antibiotic treatment right from the beginning and postponing surgery for the refractory cases and complications.

La gastritis flemonosa es una infección bacteriana poco frecuente y rápidamente progresiva de la pared gástrica. Se caracteriza por una inflamación purulenta que puede afectar a todo el tracto gastrointestinal y que presenta un índice elevado de mortalidad. En este trabajo se comunica un caso de gastritis flemonosa en un paciente seropositivo para la infección por VIH tratado exitosamente con antibioticoterapia. Además, se realiza una revisión de los casos publicados en la bibliografía médica, en inglés y español desde 1980 hasta la actualidad. El microorganismo más frecuentemente implicado es Streptococcus spp. (57 %), pero también destaca la infección polimicrobiana (17 %). El síntoma más común es el dolor epigástrico intenso asociado a vómitos y la mayoría de casos fueron diagnosticados mediante TC y/o endoscopia. Existen numerosos factores de riesgo descritos, el principal es la inmunosupresión, aunque en el 40 % de los casos no se identificó ningún factor de riesgo. La mortalidad global es del 27 %, sin identificar diferencias significativas entre el tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico, por lo que se recomienda instaurar el tratamiento antibiótico de manera precoz y reservar la cirugía para los casos refractarios y las complicaciones.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the bond strength between human dentin and composites, using two light-activated single-bottle total-etch adhesive systems with different pHs combined with chemically activated and light-activated-composites. The tested hypothesis was that the dentin bond strength is not influenced by an adhesive system of low pH, combined with chemically activated or light-activated composites. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Flat dentin surfaces of twenty-eight human third molars were allocated in 4 groups (n=7), depending on the adhesive system: (One Step Plus-OS and Prime & Bond NT-PB) and composite (light-activated Filtek Z-100 [Z100] and chemically activated Bisfil 2B [B2B]). Each adhesive system was applied on acid-etched dentin and then one of the composites was added to form a 5 mm-high resin block. The specimens were stored in tap water (37ºC/24 h) and sectioned into two axes, x and y. This was done with a diamond disk under coolant irrigation to obtain beams with a cross-section area of approximately 0.8 mm². Each specimen was then attached to a custom-made device and submitted to the microtensile test (1 mm.min-1). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: The anticipated hypothesis was not confirmed (p<0.0001). The bond strengths (MPa) were not statistically different between the two adhesive systems when light-activated composite was used (OS+Z100 = 24.7±7.1ª; PB+Z100 = 23.8±5.7ª). However, with use of the chemically activated composite (B2B), PB (7.8±3.6b MPa) showed significantly lower dentin bond strengths than OS (32.2±7.6ª). CONCLUSION: The low pH of the adhesive system can affect the bond of chemically activated composite to dentin. On the other hand, under the present conditions, the low pH did not seem to affect the bond of light-activated composites to dentin significantly.

El presente trabajo registra 90 especies de hepáticas, pertenecientes a 48 géneros y 18 familias; 73 son de hábito folioso y 17 son talosas. La familia con mayor cantidad de géneros y especies es Lejeuneaceae, con 20 y 30 respectivamente. Se encontraron 63 nuevos registros para Boyacá. El sustrato con mayor cantidad de especies es roca con 46, seguido por corteza con 43. Se analizó la composición florística por franjas altitudinales, se encontró que cada una está bien diferenciada de las demás.

Ninety species of liverworts are reported. They include 48 genera and 18 families; 73 of these are leafy liverworts and 17 are thalloid. The family with the greatest number of genera and species is the Lejeuneaceae, with 20 and 30 respectively. Sixty three new records were found for Boyacá. The greatest number of species (46) were collected on rocks, followed by those on bark. Floristic composition of the altitudinal belts showed that each belt has a very distinct brioflora.